Peace studies questions Free Essay Example, 3500 words

The two definitions differ significantly, as one defines peace as the absence of an element while the other anchors its definition on the presence of a given behavior among people. The two definitions of peace given above have a number of strengths and weaknesses, which makes it possible to conclude there is no universal of peace. Defining violence as the absence of any elements of violence seeks to identify the factors that results into the lack of peace. Violence is the cause of difference between what is actual and what is potential, that which could have been and that which is actually is; moreover, violence is the physical manifestation of the lack of peace and agreement in a society. The presence of violence is an obvious proof of the lack of collective understanding between individuals; therefore, fighting nations and communities use violence on each other as way of disapproving their actions and deeds. Through violence, it is possible to conclude that members of a given society lack understanding and collective understanding. Violence therefore makes it easier to identify the areas of discontent and is a clear variable for peace definition (Galtung, 19 96). The use of violence in the definition of peace however makes a confusing conclusion on the presence or absence of peace. We will write a custom essay sample on Peace studies questions or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It is not possible to identify the point and area of discontent among people using violence to show disapproval of each other’s action. The presence of peace must be defined by the presence of important aspects upon which it is anchored. The use of absence of violence in definition of peace therefore fails to identify the important elements that must be present for peace to exist in a society. The presence of peace is evident when there is the ability of individuals or groups working together to achieve collective goals. The presence of uniting factors and desires to achieve specific objectives shows the presence of peace. Peace enables individuals to work and achieve goals together, most of which they could not have achieved individually. A definition that embraces the presence of understanding, shared values and ideals and a common goal deeply exhausts what peace actually mean. This definition of peace as the presence of a behavior that enhances collectiveness embraces the factors that affect the presence of peace. This definition however fails to provide the grounds upon to judge the presence or absence of peace. If its presence indicates togetherness and working towards achieving common goals, its absence must demonstrate what actually occurs (Galtung, 1996).

Artists And The Art Trade - 2204 Words

‘While artists and the art trade were in the business of presenting the new, this was a conceptual challenge for museums.’ (Altshuler, 2008, 15). Discuss the challenges that advanced artistic practice presented for museums in the late 19th and early 20th century. The period of the second half of the 19th and the beginnings of the 20th century saw some of the most extensive transformations in the art market and the institution of the art museum in history. With the rise of the avant-garde and new artistic practices, the traditional enlightenment didactic vision of the museum was put under threat. This essay will focus on the tension between the museum’s historicity and the general tendency to move towards modernity and the discussions†¦show more content†¦However, the works acquired were still exclusively under the strict rule of the Academy, operated by the state. The rise of progressive artists advocating advanced art, pioneered by the likes of Courbet, Manet and others caused a re-evaluation in the system of these principles. The coming of the avant-garde together with the increased commercialisation of art set in motion an increased tension with the established institutions. Eventually this culminated in the formation of autonomous exhibition spaces where artists displayed their works separately from the Academy. This tradition began with the Salon des Refusà ©s in 1863 and extended to establish a parallel to that which would have been traditionally the role of the state museums as the academy continued to turn away from progressive art practices. Although some of the contemporary works were acquired by the state, it was not until 1896 that the Luxembourg agreed to exhibits works of the impressionists, and it would be even later when state run institutions would acknowledge the full extent of the modern art tradition. In the span of the last decades of the 19th century, art in Europe began to focus itself on new developments in artistic practice. Exhibitions such as the

Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases Free Essays

Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases PA101: The Paralegal Professional Unit 8 Dianna Marsh 11/13/2012 In today’s society there are rules and regulations in place that determine how citizens are to behave. When these rules are not upheld, a need to resolve or punish the offending parties exist. Whether the offense is criminal or civil, the case is settled in a court of law. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although there are similarities between civil and criminal cases, there are many differences in the way these cases are handled. Both criminal and civil cases starts with filing a complaint. The parties that file the complaint is called the plaintiff. In a civil case the plaintiff can be an individual, corporation or government agency. In a criminal case the plaintiff is always the state or federal government. One of the key differences between civil and criminal cases is the burden of proof. In a civil case the burden of proof depends on a preponderance of evidence. In legal terms, a preponderance of evidence means that a party has shown that its version of facts, causes, damages, or fault is  more likely than not  the correct version, as in personal injury and breach of contract suits. This standard is the easiest to meet and applies to all civil cases unless otherwise provided by law. (Preponderance of the Evidence, 2010) In a criminal case the Burden of Proof is the responsibility of the plaintiff. The plaintiff must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt. For example, in the case of the State v O. J. Simpson. The state of California was unable to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt, that is why OJ was found not guilty of the murders he was accused of. He was, however found guilty of wrongful death in a civil suit filed against him with the same evidence. It is the juries responsibility to review the evidence and reach a verdict in the case. In a criminal case, the jury must return a unanimous vote for conviction. This is determined by whether or not the evidence and testimony presented proves guilt beyond reasonable doubt. If unable to do this, a not guilty verdict is reached and the defendant is released. In a civil case only 51% or 9 of 12 jurors votes need to be obtained for a guilty verdict. Once the verdict is reached a sentence or punishment is handed down by the judge. There are differences in this too. In a criminal case the punishment can be as little as a fine or as large as capital punishment, but most normally receives imprisonment. In a civil case punishment is usually monetary. You cannot be sent to prison. There are many other difference, but these are only a few. These systems are in place because they deal with the civil rights of an individual, and the protection of those rights. References: Cheeseman, H. ; Goldman,T. (2010). The paralegal professional  (3rd  ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. www. courts. uslegal. com, Burden of Proof, Preponderance of the Evidence, 2010 How to cite Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases, Essay examples

Incorporation of Robotics in the Organizationâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Incorporation OF Robotics in the Organization? Answer: Introduction Robotics is something that is gradually changing the face of industries and technology. There are fast, reliable and efficient too. With the help of robots, companies can get their work done in real time and they can also store huge amount of data within themselves. The construction of robot is primarily done with the help of computer, electrical, electronic and mechanical engineers. The sole purpose of making robots is to ensure the reduction of workload and also to minimize the work hazards that some people face like bomb defusing situation or any terrorist attack. With the help of robots, they can also do some works that was not possible by human beings like analyzing such a huge data and giving correct decisions to companies which can help them to stay in the market and make themselves more competitive. Artificial Intelligence is something that is really good while making even more smarter decisions. This will give them an upper hand over their competitors and also they can analy ze the market more efficiently and can know what they are lacking of and what improvements they need (lamo, Benito Carranza, 2013). There are various works that are not possible for any human being to do alone like lifting up heavy things or to do a precise cutting with lasers in the metal. All these works are done completely by the robots which were designed and programmed to do this type of work. Children of all age should be exposed to this great technology and they should know that the future of robots are not far when every single task will be performed with the help of robot. The following report discusses about how an ICT organization tries to implement robots in their company and what are the scopes present in that and also how this can be of much use when implementing it with the help of artificial intelligence. Robotics in todays world Robotics Technology Robotics is a branch of technology that basically deals with the robots. It includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronics engineering and computer engineering mainly. Robotics mainly deal with the designing, construction and operation and states how a robot works. It also deals with the control, sensory feedback and information technology. The main purpose of developing these robots are to substitute the human workforce and to accomplish some tasks that are not possible for any human beings. Robots are generally used in manufacturing processes where heavy lifting of work is to be done or to even make precise cutting in anything. Apart from manufacturing processes, it is also used in bomb detection situation which reduces that chance of losing any human lives (Bryman Bell 2015). Robots are generally designed to perform a specific task in a specific way. Robots have electrical components which can be used for powering and controlling the machinery. There are cer tain technologies like the caterpillar tracks which are implemented on to the robots so that they move in a particular track. Robots can work through either battery systems or petrol though the cost of battery would be much less compared to petrol. The main components of any robot is done with the programming from which they can either adapt to their surroundings. Robots can be made remote control based on their needs. There are certain robots also that works with artificial intelligence and are used to interact with their surroundings (Car, 2014). Robots can also interact with human beings and start a two-way communication and all these are possible due to artificial intelligence. Current use of Robots In todays world, robots are used for various purposes starting from home to many organizations even the government. The main use of robots can be seen in the manufacturing processes where many hard lifting jobs are done. There are various works that are not possible for any human being to do alone like lifting up heavy things or to do a precise cutting with lasers in the metal. All these works are done completely by the robots which were designed and programmed to do this type of work. Robots are also used by the government when there are some dire situations like bomb detection or bomb defusing situation. The use of robots helps in saving the lives of people (Gao et al., 2016). Business Scopes The Company is now engaged in all kinds of mining, transportation and manufacturing processes. The company is using robotics technology as it wants to surpass its rival companies. With the help of robotics, they are creating a new window where everyone can work without any problem. All the main things which include moving of objects and all are handled by the robots. There is big scope in this as the company would be recognized all over Australia as well as Asia if they continue to do so and as they are also a small Artificial Intelligence Company, they can incorporate this feature within their robots to make them work even smarter and in a better way (Geiger et al., 2013). By incorporating this, they will achieve worldwide recognition and by this they can easily spread their business to other parts also. With robotics, they can also achieve something that was not possible with mere the help of human beings and that is making smart decisions. The artificial intelligence coupled with robots can help them to make such company decisions that would be fruitful for the company in every aspect just by collecting some data and analyzing it within a short span of time. This will give them an upper hand over their competitors. And also this will help them to grow their business too (Kernbach, 2013). By this they can make agreements with other companies and the companies who are ready to invest in theirs and by this the company would be in a great monitory situation. Plans for the next five years Having robotics technology is just great. This can help them to achieve something that they were unaware of. Robotics technology is aimed to minimize the human workforce for a better and efficient work. They can also handle large amount of data and can store within them which was not possible before for any human being. It can also analyze huge amount of data in no time and can give next to appropriate results. In the next five years, they are considering to implement robotics technology completely in to their system. The main purpose of implementing this technology is to minimize the workload and get results instantly. They can easily expand their business to any sector they want like offices, schools, universities and many more (Vertut, 2013). By implementing this technology to schools and universities, they can attract a huge number of people who will be exposed to this kind of technology and know something. In schools and universities, they can be used to manage the library syste ms where thousands of books are present and robot can easily recognize which book is in which self (Krishna et al., 2016). They can also set up a live exhibition which can be used to present a demo to other companies to see what they are going to do and how this technology can help any human being like if these robots were available in homes, then everything will be served to that particular individual within the reach of their hand. Robotics technology can also be used in the army and aviation also (Kormushev, Calinon Caldwell, 2013). With the help of robots, they can be sent to any building to gather information and this would damage no human lives. While in case of aviation, they can be used to spy from above remotely and the handler will be far sitting controlling the drone. Apart from all the good things that robots have, there are some let down points also like the cost to making one or buying is quite high if the robot is of high quality. They need to be maintained over a re gular time basis so as to ensure they are functioning properly. Due to the inclusion of robots, many people will tend to lose their job. Storing of data is much easier in robots and they can store huge amount of data but retrieving of data is much tougher and also they cannot improvise other than what they are programmed to do (Lee et al., 2014). Incorporation of Robotics in the organization Implementation Strategies From the above discussion it can be said that robotics is really important as it can help any organization to grow much faster and even do their jobs at a much more efficient manner and in a timely way. Robots were meant to make the lives of employees much easier as they do all kinds of heavy working that is not possible with any human beings. Robots are also responsible for doing all the heavy lifting work, processing of huge data at a much faster rate and analyzing them to give an appropriate solution by which a company can abide to. For the incorporation part, the organization first know where the robots are required (Majidi, 2014). Currently the company is engaged with mining, transportation and manufacturing. In mining the company could use robots to enter the part where it is dangerous for any human being to go and collect information and then process. While in manufacturing, the robots can be held accountable for lifting of heavy materials as well as to cut precisely into the metals as per the requirements. All these ensure faster working environment and also helps in providing safety to human lives. Robots can also be incorporated in army as they can be used as a decoy to check any empty building or to investigate any bombing situation. Also it is not reactive to nukes so it can be sent to those places also where the possibility is high (Musicant, Laddha Choi, 2017). The company can work closely with the astronomers and send robots to other planets to check out their environment and this makes the work even more easy. There are a number of long term and short term options that are available to the industries. Robots or Robotics Technology is something that is meant to work for a long time. It is meant to make the job much easier. They are used by the company to make sure that everything is working fine. Robots are meant to do a specific type of job for what they are programmed to. Many are there which can be heavy lifting job and many are there which can analyze huge amount of data at a single time. The long term options are that it will need to invest a large amount of money for building such a robot and on top of that, the maintenance cost will be incurred every month (Rossiter Hauser, 2016). Also it would consume huge amount of electricity while working that the company needs to take care of. The company should make sure that the robots does not stop working after few months then it will be huge loss for the company to overcome as everything under that will come to a halt and the process will be slower. The company should also make sure that the robots that are built is compatible with the organization that is if it is fulfilling the organizations need. Another thing that company should take care of is that the material that is used to make these as if it is built on low quality materials then there is chance of wearing of and finally breaking (Zhou, 2017). There are some short terms also that the company needs to handle like to see if it is working on battery or petrol. Another thing it needs to take care is that of the output it is giving on a daily basis is enough or not and it is meeting its requirements according to the specifications that are stated. The company should also make sure that the robots are working in an efficient manner and it does not require maintenance on a daily basis then it would be problematic for the company. It should also take care of the fact that it is taking instructions from the employees and doing the work according to it (Schwartz Yap , 2016). Also it should make sure that it is able to perform the task that it is programmed to do. On the basis of geographical perspective, the company should buy these products whose manufacturing office is quite near and help can be available anytime. Advantages and Disadvantage of using Robotics Technology Advantages Robots can perform any kind of task that seems to be difficult for any human being to do. Robots can perform their work and can go on with their work with consistency and keeping precision without any complaints. Robots can perform any kind of work that they are programmed to without breaking a sweat (Siciliano Khatib, 2016). They can even work with a high degree of accuracy and with constant velocity. They can also help in increasing the number of manufactured products and reduces the errors while making any. As they work with high degree of accuracy, they can manufacture products with same consistency where there will no error. The robots can be used to perform heavy duties even the dangerous ones like detecting of bombs or in a war field to check out for mines (Shweikeh et al., 2014). Many companies can use their intelligence to process a large amount of data which can help to analyze the market up close and gives them an upper hand Disadvantages Apart from all the advantages, there are certain disadvantages also present like the robots are not the flexible in working as they are programmed to do a certain type of work only and they will do that only. Flexibility is not present while working with robots (Siciliano Khatib, 2016). Due to the emergence of robots, many people are losing their job and for which the unemployment rate is also going high. There is a limitation with the robots that they cannot bring out innovative ideas but whereas human beings can bring out innovative ideas even when the company is in a dire situation. Robots produces a lot of electronic wastes. From the security perspective, the robots should be made quite secure as they are prone to hacks (Smith, Self Cheeseman, 2013). All these robots generally work with the help of electricity and if anyone can hack the electrical grid, he/she has the access to control the robots. They can manipulate the robots or even stop them from working or reprogram them t o work differently from their usual ones. If the hacker can get an access to these robots, they can execute remote access vulnerability and can control them from a far distance area from where it cannot be traced back. Ethical, Legal and Social Consideration There are certain issues that the company should consider before implementing such a thing in their company. There are various factors that plays a vital role and each one should be considered individually so as to make the correct decision. The company should be able to make proper planning and should be able to set up a few guidelines by which everyone should go for (Crane Matten, 2016). Social responsibilities include that the company should know well where it can provide its value to others beyond any products or services that they are offering. Legal responsibilities include that the company should follow all the rules and regulations that are set by the government and under no circumstances, they cannot break these rules no matter what (Weiss, 2014). Recommendations The company may face some problems while using these robotics technology like of getting hacked and all and manipulation of the system from inside. In order to avoid this, there should be fail safe which can only be accessed by the manufacturer. If anyone tries to access that without proper authorization, the fail safe would cut the line which would result in stopping of the robot. Also the company should try to patch for the remote code execution vulnerability so that it cannot be accessed from any remote place and without proper authorization. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that robots are quite essential when it comes to working in a company as it ensures consistency and efficiency also it helps in saving lives of human beings by doing any kind of heavy duty jobs. They can also be used to storing of huge data and analyzing them simultaneously for the betterment of the company. With this, the company can get an overall view of the market of how they work and what they are lacking behind. But apart from these benefits, there are some problems also that comes while using this technology and that is these robots do not provide flexibility that is they cannot be used for some other purposes than what they are programmed to. Also these robots need maintenance from time to time so that they can work more efficiently and in a consistent manner. These robots are also prone to attacks so these should be made with utter care and full security feature so that others cannot bypass these systems. References lamo, J. R., Benito, M., Carranza, A. (2013). Towards An Architecture for Mobile Cloud Robotics. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Car, D. (2014). Why Robotics?. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Gao, A., Carey, J. P., Murphy, R. J., Iordachita, I., Taylor, R. H., Armand, M. (2016, June). 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2016. InInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. Geiger, A., Lenz, P., Stiller, C., Urtasun, R. (2013). Vision meets robotics: The KITTI dataset.The International Journal of Robotics Research,32(11), 1231-1237. Kernbach, S. (Ed.). (2013).Handbook of collective robotics: fundamentals and challenges. Pan Stanford. Kormushev, P., Calinon, S., Caldwell, D. G. (2013). Reinforcement learning in robotics: Applications and real-world challenges.Robotics,2(3), 122-148. Krishna, B. S., Oviya, J., Gowri, S., Varshini, M. (2016, March). Cloud robotics in industry using Raspberry Pi. InScience Technology Engineering and Management (ICONSTEM), Second International Conference on(pp. 543-547). IEEE. Lee, B. E., Korst, R. J., Kletsman, E., Rutledge, J. R. (2014). Transitioning from video-assisted thoracic surgical lobectomy to robotics for lung cancer: are there outcomes advantages?.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,147(2), 724-729. Majidi, C. (2014). Soft robotics: a perspectivecurrent trends and prospects for the future.Soft Robotics,1(1), 5-11. Musicant, D. R., Laddha, A., Choi, T. (2017). Open-Ended Robotics Exploration Projects for Budding Researchers. Rossiter, J., Hauser, H. (2016). Soft roboticsthe next industrial revolution.IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag,23, 17-20. Schwartz, J. T., Yap, C. K. (2016).Algorithmic and geometric aspects of robotics. Routledge. Shweikeh, F., Amadio, J. P., Arnell, M., Barnard, Z. R., Kim, T. T., Johnson, J. P., Drazin, D. (2014). Robotics and the spine: a review of current and ongoing applications.Neurosurgical focus,36(3), E10. Siciliano, B., Khatib, O. (Eds.). (2016).Springer handbook of robotics. Springer. Smith, R., Self, M., Cheeseman, P. (2013). Estimating uncertain spatial relationships in robotics.arXiv preprint arXiv:1304.3111. Vertut, J. (Ed.). (2013).Teleoperation and robotics: applications and technology(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Zhou, Q. (2017). The 2016 IEEE Future of Robotics in Finland Seminar [Chapter News].IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine,24(1), 97-98.

Environment Pollution in Dhaka City Essay Example

Environment Pollution in Dhaka City Paper Dacha is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. With its colorful history and rich cultural traditions, Dacha is known the world over as the city of served as the Mega capital of Bengal from 1 608 to 1704. Before coming under British rule in 1765, it was a trading center for British, French, and Dutch colonialism. In 1905 it was again named the capital of Bengal. And in 1956 it became the capital of East Pakistan. During the liberation war of Bangladesh for independence in 1 971 , the city suffered a heavy damage. In recent time, he area of Dacha city is about 1353 sq. Km. This mega city has become the hub of the nations industrial, commercial, cultural, educational and political activities. Todays Dacha has a long Story Of evolution. The Present Condition of Dacha: Dacha is the 9th largest city, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. In current, the population of Dacha city is near 2 corers. Hence, the condition of Dacha City is going to be bad to worse on the view of living condition. Every day we face different types of problems such as water crisis problem, gas problem, accommodation problem, security problem, load hading problem, traffic jam, sound pollution problem, overpopulation problem, air pollution problem, environment pollution problem, garbage problem, sanitation problem, transport problem, land pollution problem, roads problem etc. Which are the key causes behind to be bad to worse condition of Dacha City. We will write a custom essay sample on Environment Pollution in Dhaka City specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environment Pollution in Dhaka City specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environment Pollution in Dhaka City specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The people are becoming crazy, and children are not getting a healthy environment in order to grow up properly in the city. In these circumstances, if the condition remain same for a long time, the future condition of Dacha city shall be dangerous. These problems are increasing ay by day. These problems cannot be solved in a day. So we must follow different rules and regulations to solve these problems. In our view, as soon as possible, if Bangladesh gobo. Will take a robust plan; the dreadful condition of Dacha City may be eliminated. At the same time, the people of Dacha can also act a vital role in order to make the city healthy as well as wealthy. With the development of technology, over consumption and inadequate emissions of waste have a considerable impact on the air, water, forest and wildlife which leads to various problems to human life. This essay ill give an overview of the sources as well as the negative impacts of those problems and possible solutions for the problem.

Confidentiality within NHS psychological services

Confidentiality within NHS psychological services Free Online Research Papers It is an unfortunate occupational hazard that psychologists must face complex ethical dilemmas to which BPS and NHS guidance remains vague and/or fails to address (Barnett 2007). One area that remains particularly unclear is when, or even if, psychologists should breach confidentiality in the interest of the public good. Despite widespread acknowledgement of the moral uncertainty surrounding this domain, guidelines from regulatory bodies remain overly broad and delegate much of the decision making to the prerogative of the psychologist. With this in mind, these guidelines aim to assist NHS psychologists in making decisions regarding confidentiality by considering both NHS and BPS guidelines alongside current research and literature. Confidentiality is the ethical cornerstone of a psychologist’s duty, yet frequently it can also become an issue of uncertainty. This is reflected in the fact that amongst the complaints made to professional bodies each year, confidentiality breaches are by far the most commonly cited (Tribe Morissey 2005; Warburton 2005). Psychologists working in the NHS are currently accountable to both NHS and BPS ethical directives, which define confidentiality as â€Å"a duty of confidence arising when one person discloses information to another.† They advise that holding such information in confidence is both an ethical and legal obligation and that any breaches must be restricted to â€Å"professional purposes† (BPS 2009; Department of Health 2003). Confidentiality is an important ethical requirement for many reasons and is essential clinically because without it, psychologists struggle to build a trusting therapeutic relationship (Fulford 2001). Furthermore confidentiality is also a legal proviso; namely under the Data Protection Act (1998) and the Human Rights Act (1998). The NHS and the BPS do currently offer guidance on confidentiality and have procedures for sanctioning those contravening it. Within these guidelines both bodies acknowledge situations where it may be legally or ethically necessary to breach confidentiality, including when there is concern about the welfare/safety of a child and when there is an overriding public interest. Further, the BPS also advises that infractions of confidentiality may be necessary when clients themselves are at risk and both bodies advocate disclosure when court orders have been made (BPS 2009; Department of Health 2003). However, much of the literature reviewing these guidelines conce de that they are so broad that they leave too much to the prerogative of the psychologist and that from this ‘ethical dilemmas’ arise (Barnett 2007; Fisher 2008; Taylor Adelman 1998). The ethical dilemmas encountered by psychologists are broad; however one that is commonly cited is whether information should be disclosed in the face of significant public interest e.g. cases involving â€Å"murder, rape, treason, kidnapping or child abuse† (Department of Health 2003). However, due to the broad provisions within both BPS and NHS guidelines, deciding whether to breach confidentiality can be a difficult task. Often, professionals are concerned that they will either be sanctioned for disclosing information or face claims for negligence if they do not (Kaempf McSherry 2006). Therefore, these guidelines aim to advise psychologists in dealing with situations where public interest may outweigh the obligation to maintain confidentiality. Ethical guidelines for the disclosure of confidential information in the public interest: 1. Psychologists should be aware of the limitations to clients and their obligations to public interest. Psychologists should be prepared to do some â€Å"homework† on ethical guidelines, legal obligations and their own ethical position regarding confidentiality (Fisher 2008). The best solutions to a variety of foreseeable ethical dilemmas should also be considered in advance (Knapp et al. 2007). However, it is unrealistic to assume that all situations can be foreseen or prepared for and therefore psychologists should consider resources and peers they can consult with in case of a dilemma (Bennet et al. 1990). 2. Clients should be honestly and accurately informed of the limitations to confidentiality. It is ethical to inform patients of their right to confidentiality and it’s limitations before therapeutic engagement commences (Knapp VandeCreek 2001). However, this can potentially hinder the process of building trust and therefore it is advisable that psychologists develop a strategy to preserve the development of trust, standardise it and ask peers to review it (Taylor Adleman 1998). In situations where a client’s capacity is in question, psychologists should seek guidance before pursuing therapeutic engagement (Roberts 2002). 3. Psychologists should seek to obtain informed consent to disclose information in pre-agreed circumstances. Psychologists should also endeavour to obtain a client’s informed consent to disclose certain information in pre-agreed circumstances (Fisher 2008). These situations may include those that the psychologist has considered in their own preparations as well as any listed in NHS and BPS guidelines e.g. risk of harm to self or a third party. However such a process may hinder trust and therefore it may require careful discussion with some clients in order to reassure them (Taylor Adleman 1998). 4. Legal demands must be yielded to unless they can be legitimately contested. Pre-planning and self awareness may be extremely valuable in situations where psychologists are legally obliged to disclose confidential information (Fisher 2008). However, it is not possible to plan for every eventuality and in situations where the psychologist is ethically opposed to disclosure it is worth bearing in mind that court orders can be contested and there may be a case for â€Å"conscientious objection† (Knapp et al. 2007). Even so, if the final decision of the courts is that information must be disclosed; psychologists must do so as confidentiality is just one aspect of ethical practice and there is an ethical responsibility to protect public interest (Pope Vasquez 2007). 5. Psychologists should seek guidance from appropriate persons, regulatory bodies or organisations before making a disclosure. Whatever the conclusions reached in an ethical dilemma, it is imperative that psychologists consult with appropriate colleagues and/or take the issue to their manager/supervisor. When seeking guidance, psychologists should already have thought about their own position in the matter; the issues they would like to discuss and be prepared to document the consultation. Also, it is advisable to consider consulting with multiple individuals who will approach the dilemma from different perspectives (Corey et al 1998) and seek advice from a professional/colleague with experience in that particular area (Behnke 2007). To conclude, these guidelines set out to offer comprehensive, evidence-based guidance for psychologists facing ethical dilemmas in confidentiality – specifically whether to break confidentiality when there is an element of public interest. Five evidence based guidelines are proposed for such situations; however these guidelines cannot spell out the correct decision for every ethical dilemma and therefore clinical judgement remains an important aspect of ethical decision making. The impact of the limitations to confidentiality on the client-psychologist relationship has also been considered and it is concluded that despite the potential negative impact on trust, disclosure of information in some situations is necessary. However psychologists are advised to discuss the issue in an honest manner that helps to preserve the construction of trust between themselves and their client. It is also acknowledged that these guidelines are limited in that they cannot offer rigid, universal guidelines due to the area’s complexity; however, it would be unrealistic to expect any set of guidelines to be able to provide this. Therefore, these guidelines are successful in offering evidence-based guidance on ethical decision making in regards to confidentiality and pubic interest; however due to the complexity of the topic, they remain limited in certain respects. 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Child Development Journal Article Review and Discussion Essay

Child Development Journal Article Review and Discussion - Essay Example This means whatever had been effective for a toddler might not work anymore when he is a teenager because his needs constantly change. For example, being a weekend parent from the time his child was a preschooler all the way up to being an adolescent may be a routine that provides a comfortable rhythm to a father. However, there are times when a child might need him more, especially if the child is a growing boy who needs a male role model in his growing up years. With this knowledge, parents and legal practitioners must make better decisions in designing a parenting plan for the children. This particular article by Hartson (2010) focuses on the infancy to toddlerhood stage of development of a child. Each developmental stage comes with its own challenges. The infancy to toddlerhood stage is a critical since an infant is a fully dependent being who cannot communicate his thoughts and feelings on how his parents’ separation affects him. Parents need to rely on his cues and research from child development studies to understand what he needs. Infants and toddlers, in particular, are yet in the process of establishing attachments to the significant people in their lives and when this is disrupted, may have serious implications in the development of their personality. An important factor to consider is the infant’s temperament since this gives a clear indication of how a parent should deal with him so they get along well. Some children may easily transition from relating to one parent to the other, some may be more difficult, and some may just be slow to warm up. The parent has his or her own temperament to reckon with, and the compatibility of the parent-child temperaments would constitute Chess & Thomas’ (1987) â€Å"goodness of fit† factor. In order to have a harmonious relationship, parents need to be able to adjust to their infant or toddler’s temperament. The child’s concept of time,

Arranged Marriage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Arranged Marriage - Term Paper Example According to the term paper "Arranged Marriage" findings, arranged marriages are marriages arranged by the family members of the two partners. Even today in many parts of the world marriages are arranged by the families of the incumbents. The decision-making process in arranged marriages is quite different to the ‘love’ marriages popular in the West (Batabyal, 2001). The reasons are scientific. The young persons are not mature enough to choose the right partner. Their decisions would be based on aesthetics and pleasure while a successful marriage has to consider the family background. The youth would be guided by friendship and external factors whereas the family members would probe into the socio-economic search of the other family. While the marriages in India too are fixed by the two families, the consent of the two partners is paramount. The Indian families grow up with the conviction that marriages take place between two families and not two individuals. Thus, the f irst step is to evaluate the family when the proposal comes in. Once the two families are satisfied with each other’s standing in the society, the two potential partners in the marriage are provided an opportunity to talk to each other. This remains restricted to one or two meetings but their opinion does matter. Only when they give their consent the marriage is fixed. No coercion is exercised although when the two partners are very young, they may be shown the right direction in evaluating the taking the decision. The final decision however, rests on the two partners concerned. Thus, it is arranged to the extent that the family finds the prospective partner but the two agents have the right not to agree or get married. This sort of arranged marriage is healthy as there is no exchange or subjugation as in Pakistan. In Pakistan exchange marriages take place between where the family members or the close relatives of the spouses take the initiative to fix the marriages. In such societies patriarchic authority persists even today and such decisions are usually based on socio-economic relationships (Zaman, 2008). The two partners agree to such exchange marriages fixed by their elders for them and Zaman says they â€Å"subjugate themselves as actors to the agency of corporate family structures†. The reason for the involvement of families in arranging the marriages has several reasons. Such marriages provide social security as has also been pointed out by Zaman as it also helps to combat the security risks at both the macro and the micro levels. While security is important, partner compatibility is equally important which is not given importance to in Pakistan. Batabyal discusses about the utility of the traditional methods of decision-making in arrange marriages. He suggests that

Analyze the in Office Ancillary Services Exception to the Stark Act as Research Paper

Analyze the in Office Ancillary Services Exception to the Stark Act as it relates to block leases - Research Paper Example he medical practitioner is financially associated with the care services; and d) the medical practitioner implements referrals to a care provider for purposes of furnishing the DHS. Physicians and health practices depend on the in-office ancillary services and related medical practice exceptions to the Stark law to permit DHS referrals within the parameters of the practice. Of these, Washlick (2008) noted that the in-office ancillary services exception is most commonly applied because it enables physicians providing various services to: a) make referrals for select DHS within the confines of medical practice; b) inform those DHS to provide the necessary patient care; c) apply Medicare and Medicaid cover to defray the costs resulting from the services; and d) retain and channel the revenues collected from rendering the services within the practice for settling practice expenditure and physician remuneration. These exclusions are therefore of great value to the rendering of patient services and other internal activities. As Micklos and Sevell (2004) noted, the in-office ancillary services exception (IOASE) is arguably the most significant allowance given under the outlaw of self-referrals of select health services by medical practitioners. In the recent past, however, renewed attempts to revisit referral rules have threatened the effectiveness of physician practice. For instance, the federal budget for the 2014-2015 financial year contains a number of measures which are intended to enhance a greater level of proper remuneration for the proper rendering of health care under the Medicare platform. The budget is responsive to various recommendations by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and MedPac that self-referral of simpler services culminates in a higher volume of care when they are integrated with payments for the service fees (Clark, Johnstone, Lynch, & Cardenas, 2004). The Budget seeks to limit the IOASE by permitting only practitioners who meet given

The Life Of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart History Essay

The Life Of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart History Essay One of historys most tragic figures, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart begun his performing career as a child prodigy. He played the piano, harpsichord, organ, and violin beautifully and was taken by his father on a number of concert tours through several European countries. The young performer delighted his noble audiences, who rewarded him, however, with flattery and pretty girls rather than with fees. (Copied straight from the book and should be in quotes.) Mozart was fun loving, sociable, and generous to a fault, but he never learned the art of getting along with others. Fiercely independent, he insisted on managing his own affairs, apparently without great success: though recent scholarship reveals that he earned substantial sums, he was chronically short of money. (Quotation marks?)(Ferris, 2010) Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a multi-instrumentalist who started playing in public at the age of six. Over the years, Mozart aligned himself with a variety of European venues and patrons, composing hundreds of works that included sonatas, symphonies, masses, concertos, and operas, marked by vivid emotion and sophisticated textures. (Quotation marks?) (Wolfgang Mozart. Biography) In the summer of 1781, it was rumored that Mozart was contemplating marriage to Fridolin Webers daughter, Constanze. Knowing his father would disapprove of the marriage and the interruption in his career, young Mozart quickly wrote his father denying any idea of the marriage. By December, he was asking for his fathers blessing. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart married Constanze on August 4, 1782. Mozart and Constanze had six children, though only two survived infancy, Karl Thomas and Franz Xavier. (Copied from page 3 of website: Wolfgang Mozart. Biography) Karl Thomas Mozart (1784 1858), a skillful pianist, did not perform professionally. He became an Austrian government official and never married. With his death, the direct Mozart lineage ended. The youngest child, Franz Xavier Wolfgang Mozart (1791 1844), was known as Wolfgang Amadeus, Jr. Born only five months before his fathers death, he remembered nothing of him. In a classic case of a fathers fame intimidating a gifted child, the son showed early promise as a composer of depth and originality, but the image of the father he never knew loomed over his career with a stifling effect. (Copied from the indicated source.)(Famous family history) Mozarts father Leopold (1719 1787) was one of Europes leading musical teachers. His influential textbook Versuch Einer Grundlichen Violin Schule, was published in 1756, the year of Mozarts birth. He was deputy Kapellmeister to the court orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg, and a profile and successful composer of instrumental music. Leopold gave up composing of instrumental music. Leopold gave up composing when his sons outstanding musical talents became evident. They first came to light when Wolfgang was about three years old, and Leopold, proud of Wolfgangs achievements, gave him intensive musical training, including instruction in clavier, violin, and organ. Leopold was Wolfgangs only teacher in his earliest years. A note by Leopold in Nannerls music book, the Nannerl Notenbuch records that little Wolfgang had learned several small Andante and Allegro, written in 1761, when he was five years old. (Copied from Indicated source). (Wolfgang. Biography) Mozart firmly believed that supreme element of opera was music, which the text must always serve; never the other way around. He wrote serious as well as comic operas, and some of his works are a curious combination of styles. The Magic Flute, for example, is a German opera with both serious and comic implications, and Don Giovanni is a serious Italian opera that includes several comic episodes. The Marriage of Figaro is a delightful romp that nevertheless addresses serious political concerns of the emerging middle-class audience of late eighteenth-century Vienna. (Copied from Indicated source). (Ferris, 2010) Mozarts operas teem with love and anger, with humor, wit, pathos, and revenge. Yet Mozarts emotional expression is always under firm control for no matter how unlikely the plots or improbable the resolutions of his operas, he never abandoned classical restraint. Soaring melodies and attractive harmonies, presented in a wide range of orchestral and vocal timbres and effects, provide unfailing entertainment in these masterpieces of Music Theater. Although primarily a secular age, the Classical period was still strongly influenced by the church in some areas of Europe, and many eighteenth-century composers contributed to the repertoire of sacred-Catholic or Protestant-music. (Copied from Indicated source). (Ferris, 2010) Haydn and Mozart, both Catholics, continued the well-established tradition of writing Masses, oratorios, and other religious compositions for church and for concert performance. Haydn, profoundly moved by Handels Messiah, in his last years wrote two beautiful oratorios of his own, The Creation and the Seasons. Both Mozarts and Haydens Masses contain passages for solo voice and for small vocal ensembles, alternating with magnificent choruses all accompanied by organ and orchestra. The solo passages are sometimes quite operatic, but the emphasis in these religious works is on the choral sections. The irrepressible Haydn, criticized for writing religious is on the choral sections. The irrepressible Haydn, criticized for writing religious music that was too happy, replied that he did not believe the Lord minded cheerful music. (Copied from Indicated source). (Ferris, 2010) Mozarts years in Vienna, from age twenty-five to his death at thirty-five, cover one of the greatest developments in a short span in the history of music. In these ten years Mozarts music grew rapidly beyond the realm of many of his contemporaries; it exhibited both ideas and methods of elaboration that few could follow, and to many the late Mozart seemed a difficult composer. (Wolfgang. Biography) In the years 1763 1766, Mozart, along with his father Leopold, a composer and musician, and sister Nannerl, also a musically talented child, toured London, Paris and other parts of Europe, giving many successful concerts and performing before royalty. The Mozart family returned to Salzburg in November 1766. The following year young Wolfgang composed his first opera, Apollo ET Hyacinthus. Keyboard concertos and other major works were also coming from his pen now. (Mozart Biography) In 1769, Mozart was appointed Konzertmeister at the Salzburg Court by the Archbishop. Beginning that same year, the Mozart made three tours of Italy, where the young composer studied Italian opera and produced two successful efforts, Mitridate and Lucio Silla. In 1773, Mozart was back in Austria, where he spent most of the next few years composing. He wrote all his violin concertos between 1774 and 1777, as well as Masses, symphonies, and chamber works. Toward the end of the 1780s Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts fortunes began to grow worse. He was performing less and his income shrank. Austria was a war and both the affluence of the nation and the ability of the aristocracy to support the arts had declined. By mid 1788, Mozart moved his family from Central Vienna to the suburb of Alsergrund, for what would seem to be a way reducing living costs. But in reality, his family expenses remained high and the new dwelling only provided more room. Mozart began to borrow money from friends, though he was almost always able to promptly repay when a commission or concert came his way. During this time he wrote his last three symphonies and the last of the three Da Ponte operas, cosi fan tutte, which premiered in 1790. During this time, Mozart ventured long distances from Vienna to Leipzig, Berlin, and Frankfurt, and other German cities hoping to revive his once great success and the familys financial situation, but he did neither. 1788 1789 was low point for Mozart, experiencing in his own words black thoughts and deep depression. Historians believe he may have had a cyclothymiacs personality with manic depressive tendencies, which might explain the periods of hysteria coupled with spells of hectic creativity. Between 1790 and 1791, now in his mid thirties, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart went through a period of great music productivity and personal healing. Some of his most admired works. The opera, The Magic Flute, The final piano concerto in B-flat, the clarinet concerto in A minor, and the unfinished Requiem to name a few were written during the time. Mozart was beginning to revive much of his public notoriety with repeated performances of his works. His financial situation begun to improve as wealthy patrons in Hungary and Amsterdam pledged annuities in return for occasional compositions. From this turn of fortune, Mozart was able to pay off many of his debts. However, during this time both Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts mental and physical health was deteriorating. In September, 1791, he was in Prague for the premier of the opera La clemeza di Ti to, which he was commissioned to produce for the coronation of Leopold II as King Bohemia. Mozart recovered briefly to conduct the Prague premier of The Magic Flute. Mozart fell deeper into illness in November and was confined to bed. Constanze and her sister Sophie came to his side to help nurse him back to health, but Mozart was mentally preoccupied with finishing Requiem, and their efforts were in vain. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died on December 5, 1791 at age 35. The cause of death was uncertain, due to the limits of postmortem diagnosis. Officially, the record lists the cause as severe miliary fever, referring to a skin rash that looks like millet seeds. It was reported that his funeral drew few mourners and he was buried in a common grave. Because he was buried in an unmarked grave, it has been popular assumed that Mozart was penniless and forgotten when he died. In fact, though he was no longer as fashionable in Vienna as before, he continued to have a well paid job at court and receive substantial commissions from more distant parts of Europe, Prague in particular. He earned about 10,000 florins per year equivalent to at least 42,000 US dollars in 2006. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart death came at a young age, even for the time period. Yet his meteoric rise to fame and accomplishment at a very early age is reminiscent of more contemporary musical artists whose star had burned out way too soon. Constanze sold many of his unpublished manuscripts to undoubtedly pay off the familys large debts. She was able to obtain a pension from the Emperor and organize several profitable memorial concerts in Mozarts honor. From these efforts, Constanze was able to gain some financial security for herself and allowing her to send her children to private schools. At the time of his death, Mozart was considered one of the greatest composers of all time. His music presented a bold expression, of ten times complex and dissonant, and required high technical mastery from the musicians who performed it. His works remained secure and popular throughout the 19th century, as biographies were written and his music enjoyed constant performances and renditions by other musicians. His work influenced many composers that followed most notably Beethoven in its complexity and depth. Along with his friend Joseph Haydn, Mozart conceived and perfected the grand forms of symphony, opera, string ensemble, and concerto that marked the classical period. His seven year old son, Karl, noted that a few days before Mozart died his entire body became so swollen that the smallest movement was almost impossible. He also noted that there was an awful stench, which after death made an autopsy impossible. It was also observed that upon death the corpse did not become stiff and limbs were able to be bent, which is often the case when someone is poisoned. So was Mozart poisoned or was it disease that killed him? The poisoning theory is interesting in the Mozart himself started these rumors by telling his wife, I am only too conscious that my end will not be long in coming, for sure, someone has poisoned me! For a long time poisoning had been suspected. Who could have done it? The first suspect was his rival Antonio Sallieri, chief composer to the court of Emperor Joseph II. Mozarts wife blamed Salieri, and in his later years, suffering from dementia, Salieri, himself took credit for poisoning Mozart. This has been discredited as Salieri had no reason to murder Mozart. Salieri was in a position of power and esteem with a handsome stipend, and Mozart was of little threat to him. Some maintained that Mozart poisoned himself by treating his syphilis with mercury and using larger than recommended doses. Others felt the Freemasons did him in because his Magic Flute challenged their doctrines and revealed their secret rituals. An early 20th century German neuropsychiatrist, Mathilde Ludendorff, put forward one of the most bizarre theories that the Jews, Masons, and Catholics collaborated together to poison Mozart. Mozart was a studiously hard worker, and by his own admission his extensive knowledge and abilities developed out of many years close study of the European musical tradition. In particular, his operas display an uncanny psychological insight, unique to music at the time, and contuie to exert a particular fascination for musicians and music lovers today.

Comparing The Rakes Progress and The Threepenny Opera Essay -- Compar

Comparing The Rake's Progress and The Threepenny Opera Upon a first listening to the collaborations of Auden-Kallman/Stravinsky in The Rake's Progress and Brecht/Weill in The Threepenny Opera, the idea that there could be anything in common with the two works might seem to require a great stretch of the imagination. While the 1951 Rake's Progress is clearly neo-classical, and specifically Mozartian, the 1928 Threepenny Opera is as easily termed the precursor to the Broadway musical as it is termed "opera." Closer examination of the collaborators' sources and motivations, however, reveal several striking coincidences. Both operas draw upon eighteenth-century works as their primary sources: The Rake's Progress was conceived after Stravinsky saw the 1745 William Hogarth print-sequence of the same name, and The Threepenny Opera is an adaptation of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, written in 1728. (Incidentally, Hogarth also painted a scene from this enormously popular ballad-opera.) The Threepenny Opera follows the ballad-opera tradition, in that it is a series of songs interspersed with dialogue, not recitative. Each scene, as in The Beggar's Opera, is complete in itself, pertaining to the whole, but not necessarily driving the action of the plot. Stravinsky's initial conception, though not realized, was to write "an Opera with definitely separated numbers connected by spoken (not sung) words of the text, [...] to avoid the customary operatic recitative" (Griffiths 10). Brecht's libretto re ads like a Marxist manifesto, and although The Rake's Progress is by no means overtly Marxist, Auden's "most serious objection to Hogarth's Rake's Progress was based on his reading it as 'a bourgeois parable' [...] he approached Hogarth's pr... .... Eighteenth-Centruy Plays. Ed. Ricardo Quintana. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952. 179-238. Griffiths, Paul with Igor Stravinsky, Robert Craft and Gabriel Josipovici. Igor Stravinsky: The Rake's Progress. Cambridge Opera Handbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982. Lindenberger, Herbert. "Anti-theatricality in Twentieth Century Opera." Modern Drama 44.3 (2001): 300-317. Paulson, Ronald. "Auden, Hogarth, and The Rake's Progress." Raritan: A Quarterly Review 16.2 (1996): 30pp. http://shelley.library.ualberta.ca:8590/mla?sp.nextform=mainfrm. htm&sp. usernumber. Savage, Robert. "Making a Libretto: Three Collaborations over The Rake's Progress." Oedipus Rex / The Rake's Progress. English National Opera Guides: 43. Ed. Nicholas John.London: John Calder Publishers, 1991. 45-58. Stravinsky, Igor and Robert Craft. Memories and Commentaries. London: Faber, 1959.