Peace studies questions Free Essay Example, 3500 words

The two definitions differ significantly, as one defines peace as the absence of an element while the other anchors its definition on the presence of a given behavior among people. The two definitions of peace given above have a number of strengths and weaknesses, which makes it possible to conclude there is no universal of peace. Defining violence as the absence of any elements of violence seeks to identify the factors that results into the lack of peace. Violence is the cause of difference between what is actual and what is potential, that which could have been and that which is actually is; moreover, violence is the physical manifestation of the lack of peace and agreement in a society. The presence of violence is an obvious proof of the lack of collective understanding between individuals; therefore, fighting nations and communities use violence on each other as way of disapproving their actions and deeds. Through violence, it is possible to conclude that members of a given society lack understanding and collective understanding. Violence therefore makes it easier to identify the areas of discontent and is a clear variable for peace definition (Galtung, 19 96). The use of violence in the definition of peace however makes a confusing conclusion on the presence or absence of peace. We will write a custom essay sample on Peace studies questions or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It is not possible to identify the point and area of discontent among people using violence to show disapproval of each other’s action. The presence of peace must be defined by the presence of important aspects upon which it is anchored. The use of absence of violence in definition of peace therefore fails to identify the important elements that must be present for peace to exist in a society. The presence of peace is evident when there is the ability of individuals or groups working together to achieve collective goals. The presence of uniting factors and desires to achieve specific objectives shows the presence of peace. Peace enables individuals to work and achieve goals together, most of which they could not have achieved individually. A definition that embraces the presence of understanding, shared values and ideals and a common goal deeply exhausts what peace actually mean. This definition of peace as the presence of a behavior that enhances collectiveness embraces the factors that affect the presence of peace. This definition however fails to provide the grounds upon to judge the presence or absence of peace. If its presence indicates togetherness and working towards achieving common goals, its absence must demonstrate what actually occurs (Galtung, 1996).

Artists And The Art Trade - 2204 Words

‘While artists and the art trade were in the business of presenting the new, this was a conceptual challenge for museums.’ (Altshuler, 2008, 15). Discuss the challenges that advanced artistic practice presented for museums in the late 19th and early 20th century. The period of the second half of the 19th and the beginnings of the 20th century saw some of the most extensive transformations in the art market and the institution of the art museum in history. With the rise of the avant-garde and new artistic practices, the traditional enlightenment didactic vision of the museum was put under threat. This essay will focus on the tension between the museum’s historicity and the general tendency to move towards modernity and the discussions†¦show more content†¦However, the works acquired were still exclusively under the strict rule of the Academy, operated by the state. The rise of progressive artists advocating advanced art, pioneered by the likes of Courbet, Manet and others caused a re-evaluation in the system of these principles. The coming of the avant-garde together with the increased commercialisation of art set in motion an increased tension with the established institutions. Eventually this culminated in the formation of autonomous exhibition spaces where artists displayed their works separately from the Academy. This tradition began with the Salon des Refusà ©s in 1863 and extended to establish a parallel to that which would have been traditionally the role of the state museums as the academy continued to turn away from progressive art practices. Although some of the contemporary works were acquired by the state, it was not until 1896 that the Luxembourg agreed to exhibits works of the impressionists, and it would be even later when state run institutions would acknowledge the full extent of the modern art tradition. In the span of the last decades of the 19th century, art in Europe began to focus itself on new developments in artistic practice. Exhibitions such as the

Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases Free Essays

Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases PA101: The Paralegal Professional Unit 8 Dianna Marsh 11/13/2012 In today’s society there are rules and regulations in place that determine how citizens are to behave. When these rules are not upheld, a need to resolve or punish the offending parties exist. Whether the offense is criminal or civil, the case is settled in a court of law. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although there are similarities between civil and criminal cases, there are many differences in the way these cases are handled. Both criminal and civil cases starts with filing a complaint. The parties that file the complaint is called the plaintiff. In a civil case the plaintiff can be an individual, corporation or government agency. In a criminal case the plaintiff is always the state or federal government. One of the key differences between civil and criminal cases is the burden of proof. In a civil case the burden of proof depends on a preponderance of evidence. In legal terms, a preponderance of evidence means that a party has shown that its version of facts, causes, damages, or fault is  more likely than not  the correct version, as in personal injury and breach of contract suits. This standard is the easiest to meet and applies to all civil cases unless otherwise provided by law. (Preponderance of the Evidence, 2010) In a criminal case the Burden of Proof is the responsibility of the plaintiff. The plaintiff must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt. For example, in the case of the State v O. J. Simpson. The state of California was unable to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt, that is why OJ was found not guilty of the murders he was accused of. He was, however found guilty of wrongful death in a civil suit filed against him with the same evidence. It is the juries responsibility to review the evidence and reach a verdict in the case. In a criminal case, the jury must return a unanimous vote for conviction. This is determined by whether or not the evidence and testimony presented proves guilt beyond reasonable doubt. If unable to do this, a not guilty verdict is reached and the defendant is released. In a civil case only 51% or 9 of 12 jurors votes need to be obtained for a guilty verdict. Once the verdict is reached a sentence or punishment is handed down by the judge. There are differences in this too. In a criminal case the punishment can be as little as a fine or as large as capital punishment, but most normally receives imprisonment. In a civil case punishment is usually monetary. You cannot be sent to prison. There are many other difference, but these are only a few. These systems are in place because they deal with the civil rights of an individual, and the protection of those rights. References: Cheeseman, H. ; Goldman,T. (2010). The paralegal professional  (3rd  ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. www. courts. uslegal. com, Burden of Proof, Preponderance of the Evidence, 2010 How to cite Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases, Essay examples

Incorporation of Robotics in the Organizationâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Incorporation OF Robotics in the Organization? Answer: Introduction Robotics is something that is gradually changing the face of industries and technology. There are fast, reliable and efficient too. With the help of robots, companies can get their work done in real time and they can also store huge amount of data within themselves. The construction of robot is primarily done with the help of computer, electrical, electronic and mechanical engineers. The sole purpose of making robots is to ensure the reduction of workload and also to minimize the work hazards that some people face like bomb defusing situation or any terrorist attack. With the help of robots, they can also do some works that was not possible by human beings like analyzing such a huge data and giving correct decisions to companies which can help them to stay in the market and make themselves more competitive. Artificial Intelligence is something that is really good while making even more smarter decisions. This will give them an upper hand over their competitors and also they can analy ze the market more efficiently and can know what they are lacking of and what improvements they need (lamo, Benito Carranza, 2013). There are various works that are not possible for any human being to do alone like lifting up heavy things or to do a precise cutting with lasers in the metal. All these works are done completely by the robots which were designed and programmed to do this type of work. Children of all age should be exposed to this great technology and they should know that the future of robots are not far when every single task will be performed with the help of robot. The following report discusses about how an ICT organization tries to implement robots in their company and what are the scopes present in that and also how this can be of much use when implementing it with the help of artificial intelligence. Robotics in todays world Robotics Technology Robotics is a branch of technology that basically deals with the robots. It includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronics engineering and computer engineering mainly. Robotics mainly deal with the designing, construction and operation and states how a robot works. It also deals with the control, sensory feedback and information technology. The main purpose of developing these robots are to substitute the human workforce and to accomplish some tasks that are not possible for any human beings. Robots are generally used in manufacturing processes where heavy lifting of work is to be done or to even make precise cutting in anything. Apart from manufacturing processes, it is also used in bomb detection situation which reduces that chance of losing any human lives (Bryman Bell 2015). Robots are generally designed to perform a specific task in a specific way. Robots have electrical components which can be used for powering and controlling the machinery. There are cer tain technologies like the caterpillar tracks which are implemented on to the robots so that they move in a particular track. Robots can work through either battery systems or petrol though the cost of battery would be much less compared to petrol. The main components of any robot is done with the programming from which they can either adapt to their surroundings. Robots can be made remote control based on their needs. There are certain robots also that works with artificial intelligence and are used to interact with their surroundings (Car, 2014). Robots can also interact with human beings and start a two-way communication and all these are possible due to artificial intelligence. Current use of Robots In todays world, robots are used for various purposes starting from home to many organizations even the government. The main use of robots can be seen in the manufacturing processes where many hard lifting jobs are done. There are various works that are not possible for any human being to do alone like lifting up heavy things or to do a precise cutting with lasers in the metal. All these works are done completely by the robots which were designed and programmed to do this type of work. Robots are also used by the government when there are some dire situations like bomb detection or bomb defusing situation. The use of robots helps in saving the lives of people (Gao et al., 2016). Business Scopes The Company is now engaged in all kinds of mining, transportation and manufacturing processes. The company is using robotics technology as it wants to surpass its rival companies. With the help of robotics, they are creating a new window where everyone can work without any problem. All the main things which include moving of objects and all are handled by the robots. There is big scope in this as the company would be recognized all over Australia as well as Asia if they continue to do so and as they are also a small Artificial Intelligence Company, they can incorporate this feature within their robots to make them work even smarter and in a better way (Geiger et al., 2013). By incorporating this, they will achieve worldwide recognition and by this they can easily spread their business to other parts also. With robotics, they can also achieve something that was not possible with mere the help of human beings and that is making smart decisions. The artificial intelligence coupled with robots can help them to make such company decisions that would be fruitful for the company in every aspect just by collecting some data and analyzing it within a short span of time. This will give them an upper hand over their competitors. And also this will help them to grow their business too (Kernbach, 2013). By this they can make agreements with other companies and the companies who are ready to invest in theirs and by this the company would be in a great monitory situation. Plans for the next five years Having robotics technology is just great. This can help them to achieve something that they were unaware of. Robotics technology is aimed to minimize the human workforce for a better and efficient work. They can also handle large amount of data and can store within them which was not possible before for any human being. It can also analyze huge amount of data in no time and can give next to appropriate results. In the next five years, they are considering to implement robotics technology completely in to their system. The main purpose of implementing this technology is to minimize the workload and get results instantly. They can easily expand their business to any sector they want like offices, schools, universities and many more (Vertut, 2013). By implementing this technology to schools and universities, they can attract a huge number of people who will be exposed to this kind of technology and know something. In schools and universities, they can be used to manage the library syste ms where thousands of books are present and robot can easily recognize which book is in which self (Krishna et al., 2016). They can also set up a live exhibition which can be used to present a demo to other companies to see what they are going to do and how this technology can help any human being like if these robots were available in homes, then everything will be served to that particular individual within the reach of their hand. Robotics technology can also be used in the army and aviation also (Kormushev, Calinon Caldwell, 2013). With the help of robots, they can be sent to any building to gather information and this would damage no human lives. While in case of aviation, they can be used to spy from above remotely and the handler will be far sitting controlling the drone. Apart from all the good things that robots have, there are some let down points also like the cost to making one or buying is quite high if the robot is of high quality. They need to be maintained over a re gular time basis so as to ensure they are functioning properly. Due to the inclusion of robots, many people will tend to lose their job. Storing of data is much easier in robots and they can store huge amount of data but retrieving of data is much tougher and also they cannot improvise other than what they are programmed to do (Lee et al., 2014). Incorporation of Robotics in the organization Implementation Strategies From the above discussion it can be said that robotics is really important as it can help any organization to grow much faster and even do their jobs at a much more efficient manner and in a timely way. Robots were meant to make the lives of employees much easier as they do all kinds of heavy working that is not possible with any human beings. Robots are also responsible for doing all the heavy lifting work, processing of huge data at a much faster rate and analyzing them to give an appropriate solution by which a company can abide to. For the incorporation part, the organization first know where the robots are required (Majidi, 2014). Currently the company is engaged with mining, transportation and manufacturing. In mining the company could use robots to enter the part where it is dangerous for any human being to go and collect information and then process. While in manufacturing, the robots can be held accountable for lifting of heavy materials as well as to cut precisely into the metals as per the requirements. All these ensure faster working environment and also helps in providing safety to human lives. Robots can also be incorporated in army as they can be used as a decoy to check any empty building or to investigate any bombing situation. Also it is not reactive to nukes so it can be sent to those places also where the possibility is high (Musicant, Laddha Choi, 2017). The company can work closely with the astronomers and send robots to other planets to check out their environment and this makes the work even more easy. There are a number of long term and short term options that are available to the industries. Robots or Robotics Technology is something that is meant to work for a long time. It is meant to make the job much easier. They are used by the company to make sure that everything is working fine. Robots are meant to do a specific type of job for what they are programmed to. Many are there which can be heavy lifting job and many are there which can analyze huge amount of data at a single time. The long term options are that it will need to invest a large amount of money for building such a robot and on top of that, the maintenance cost will be incurred every month (Rossiter Hauser, 2016). Also it would consume huge amount of electricity while working that the company needs to take care of. The company should make sure that the robots does not stop working after few months then it will be huge loss for the company to overcome as everything under that will come to a halt and the process will be slower. The company should also make sure that the robots that are built is compatible with the organization that is if it is fulfilling the organizations need. Another thing that company should take care of is that the material that is used to make these as if it is built on low quality materials then there is chance of wearing of and finally breaking (Zhou, 2017). There are some short terms also that the company needs to handle like to see if it is working on battery or petrol. Another thing it needs to take care is that of the output it is giving on a daily basis is enough or not and it is meeting its requirements according to the specifications that are stated. The company should also make sure that the robots are working in an efficient manner and it does not require maintenance on a daily basis then it would be problematic for the company. It should also take care of the fact that it is taking instructions from the employees and doing the work according to it (Schwartz Yap , 2016). Also it should make sure that it is able to perform the task that it is programmed to do. On the basis of geographical perspective, the company should buy these products whose manufacturing office is quite near and help can be available anytime. Advantages and Disadvantage of using Robotics Technology Advantages Robots can perform any kind of task that seems to be difficult for any human being to do. Robots can perform their work and can go on with their work with consistency and keeping precision without any complaints. Robots can perform any kind of work that they are programmed to without breaking a sweat (Siciliano Khatib, 2016). They can even work with a high degree of accuracy and with constant velocity. They can also help in increasing the number of manufactured products and reduces the errors while making any. As they work with high degree of accuracy, they can manufacture products with same consistency where there will no error. The robots can be used to perform heavy duties even the dangerous ones like detecting of bombs or in a war field to check out for mines (Shweikeh et al., 2014). Many companies can use their intelligence to process a large amount of data which can help to analyze the market up close and gives them an upper hand Disadvantages Apart from all the advantages, there are certain disadvantages also present like the robots are not the flexible in working as they are programmed to do a certain type of work only and they will do that only. Flexibility is not present while working with robots (Siciliano Khatib, 2016). Due to the emergence of robots, many people are losing their job and for which the unemployment rate is also going high. There is a limitation with the robots that they cannot bring out innovative ideas but whereas human beings can bring out innovative ideas even when the company is in a dire situation. Robots produces a lot of electronic wastes. From the security perspective, the robots should be made quite secure as they are prone to hacks (Smith, Self Cheeseman, 2013). All these robots generally work with the help of electricity and if anyone can hack the electrical grid, he/she has the access to control the robots. They can manipulate the robots or even stop them from working or reprogram them t o work differently from their usual ones. If the hacker can get an access to these robots, they can execute remote access vulnerability and can control them from a far distance area from where it cannot be traced back. Ethical, Legal and Social Consideration There are certain issues that the company should consider before implementing such a thing in their company. There are various factors that plays a vital role and each one should be considered individually so as to make the correct decision. The company should be able to make proper planning and should be able to set up a few guidelines by which everyone should go for (Crane Matten, 2016). Social responsibilities include that the company should know well where it can provide its value to others beyond any products or services that they are offering. Legal responsibilities include that the company should follow all the rules and regulations that are set by the government and under no circumstances, they cannot break these rules no matter what (Weiss, 2014). Recommendations The company may face some problems while using these robotics technology like of getting hacked and all and manipulation of the system from inside. In order to avoid this, there should be fail safe which can only be accessed by the manufacturer. If anyone tries to access that without proper authorization, the fail safe would cut the line which would result in stopping of the robot. Also the company should try to patch for the remote code execution vulnerability so that it cannot be accessed from any remote place and without proper authorization. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that robots are quite essential when it comes to working in a company as it ensures consistency and efficiency also it helps in saving lives of human beings by doing any kind of heavy duty jobs. They can also be used to storing of huge data and analyzing them simultaneously for the betterment of the company. With this, the company can get an overall view of the market of how they work and what they are lacking behind. But apart from these benefits, there are some problems also that comes while using this technology and that is these robots do not provide flexibility that is they cannot be used for some other purposes than what they are programmed to. Also these robots need maintenance from time to time so that they can work more efficiently and in a consistent manner. These robots are also prone to attacks so these should be made with utter care and full security feature so that others cannot bypass these systems. References lamo, J. R., Benito, M., Carranza, A. (2013). Towards An Architecture for Mobile Cloud Robotics. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Car, D. (2014). Why Robotics?. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Gao, A., Carey, J. P., Murphy, R. J., Iordachita, I., Taylor, R. H., Armand, M. (2016, June). 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2016. InInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. Geiger, A., Lenz, P., Stiller, C., Urtasun, R. (2013). Vision meets robotics: The KITTI dataset.The International Journal of Robotics Research,32(11), 1231-1237. Kernbach, S. (Ed.). (2013).Handbook of collective robotics: fundamentals and challenges. Pan Stanford. Kormushev, P., Calinon, S., Caldwell, D. G. (2013). Reinforcement learning in robotics: Applications and real-world challenges.Robotics,2(3), 122-148. Krishna, B. S., Oviya, J., Gowri, S., Varshini, M. (2016, March). Cloud robotics in industry using Raspberry Pi. InScience Technology Engineering and Management (ICONSTEM), Second International Conference on(pp. 543-547). IEEE. Lee, B. E., Korst, R. J., Kletsman, E., Rutledge, J. R. (2014). Transitioning from video-assisted thoracic surgical lobectomy to robotics for lung cancer: are there outcomes advantages?.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,147(2), 724-729. Majidi, C. (2014). Soft robotics: a perspectivecurrent trends and prospects for the future.Soft Robotics,1(1), 5-11. Musicant, D. R., Laddha, A., Choi, T. (2017). Open-Ended Robotics Exploration Projects for Budding Researchers. Rossiter, J., Hauser, H. (2016). Soft roboticsthe next industrial revolution.IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag,23, 17-20. Schwartz, J. T., Yap, C. K. (2016).Algorithmic and geometric aspects of robotics. Routledge. Shweikeh, F., Amadio, J. P., Arnell, M., Barnard, Z. R., Kim, T. T., Johnson, J. P., Drazin, D. (2014). Robotics and the spine: a review of current and ongoing applications.Neurosurgical focus,36(3), E10. Siciliano, B., Khatib, O. (Eds.). (2016).Springer handbook of robotics. Springer. Smith, R., Self, M., Cheeseman, P. (2013). Estimating uncertain spatial relationships in robotics.arXiv preprint arXiv:1304.3111. Vertut, J. (Ed.). (2013).Teleoperation and robotics: applications and technology(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Zhou, Q. (2017). The 2016 IEEE Future of Robotics in Finland Seminar [Chapter News].IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine,24(1), 97-98.